What is crop residue in agriculture?
Crop residues are materials left on cultivated land after the crop has been harvested. Retention of crop residues after harvesting is considered to be an effective antierosion measure.
What are the uses of crop residue?
1.4 Crop residues are primarily used as bedding material for animals, livestock feed, soil mulching, bio-gas generation, bio-manure/compost, thatching for rural homes, mushroom cultivation, biomass energy production, fuel for domestic and industrial use, etc.
How do you manage crop residue?
Several management options are available to farmers for the gainful management of crop residues are livestock feed, mushroom cultivation, incorporation, surface retention and mulching, and removing the straw. Farmers use different straw management practices as per the situation.
Why do Punjab farmers burn stubble?
In Punjab and Haryana, the paddy crop is usually harvested between the first and last weeks of October. … With only 10-15 days between the paddy-harvesting season and the wheat-sowing time, forced farmers burn the stubble to quickly eliminate the paddy stubble.
Why is Rabbing in paddy harmful?
A major reason for the poor air quality is the burning of paddy stubble by farmers in Punjab and Haryana. … Burning fields also affects the quality of the soil, robbing it of vital nutrients. The smoke contains toxic chemicals which causes respiratory problems and other diseases.
Is stubble burning bad?
Pollution: Open stubble burning emits large amounts of toxic pollutants in the atmosphere which contain harmful gases like methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile organic compound (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. They may eventually cause smog.
How do you get farmers to not burn crop residue?
Policies that may reap benefits in the longer run include further encouraging the operation of biogas plants, which could reduce the net cost of ex-situ management because farmers can sell the crop residue, or to encourage innovation of new, much cheaper and more appealing farm equipment for in-situ management.
What is the impact of leaving crop residues on the soil surface on soil physical properties?
Management practices that minimally disturb the soil and produce, return, and leave more residue biomass on the soil surface (such as no-till) have the potential to decrease soil bulk density, increase porosity, and increase sorptivity in the soil over time.
What are crop residues and how are they useful to wildlife?
Leaving standing residue on crop fields from harvest to the following spring maximizes the availability of waste grain as a food source for wildlife. Crop residues also harbor insects and other arthropods, another important food source for birds and mammals.
Why is it beneficial to leave crop residue on fields?
Crop residues are materials left in an agricultural field after the crop has been harvested. These residues include stalks and stubble (stems), leaves and seed pods. Good management of field residues can increase efficiency of irrigation and control of erosion.
What is the impact of leaving crop residues on the soil surface on soil biological properties?
Incorporating crop residue with tillage practices have advantage through adding organic matter and carbon to the soil that are preconditions for the better physical, biological as well as for chemical properties. Allowance of crop residue to the soil surface reduces its bulk density and compaction.
What is cereal crop residues?
After harvesting the grains from the cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley etc., residues in the form of stems and stalks (stubble) are generated.
What are the types of crop residues?
The major crop residues in East Shoa Zone are tef, wheat and barley straws, maize and sorghum stovers and haricot bean haulms.
What is residue management?
Residue management means reducing PM emissions and wind erosion by maintaining a minimum of 60 per- cent ground cover of crop and other plant residues on a soil surface between the time of harvest of one crop and the commencement of tillage for a new crop.
What are the composition of plant residues?
Plant residues consist mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, lipids (including cutin/suberin) and tannins (De Leeuw and Largeau, 1993).
What is meant by plant residues?
Plant residue are crop materials such as stems, leaves, and roots, that are left on the field after the harvest. In the past, farmers considered crop residue to be trash, that was usually destroyed by fire.
What residue means?
Definition of residue
: something that remains after a part is taken, separated, or designated or after the completion of a process : remnant, remainder: such as. a : the part of a testator’s estate remaining after the satisfaction of all debts, charges, allowances, and previous devises and bequests.
What is legume effect?
Legume help in solubilizing insoluble P in soil, improving the soil physical environment, increasing soil microbial activity, and restoring organic matter, and also has smothering effect on weed. … Grain legumes like groundnut or cowpea provide an equivalent to 60 kg N ha on the subsequent crop of pearl millet.
What is crop residue recycling?
Crop residues can be returned to the soil for nutrient recycling, and to improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Crop residues return carbon (C) to the soil which improves soil structures, improves the ability of the soil to hold nutrients and water holding capacity.
What is green manure give example?
Hint: Manure of plant origin that improves soil structure and soil fertility. … The plants that are used for green manure are known as green manure crops. The most common crops are Sesbania rostrata, Cowpea, Crotalaria juncea, Cluster bean, and Sesbania aculeata.
What is the purpose of irrigation?
The main objectives for irrigation management or irrigation, in general, is to promote the proper growth of plants and maintaining the right levels of moisture for the soil.
Is crop residue good or bad?
Crop residues (or plant litter) on the soil surface decrease soil erosion, increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, increase water infiltration, and reduce amounts of nutrients and pesticides that reach streams and rivers (Delgado, 2010; Lal et al., 1999).
What is residue recycling?
Definition. Recycling of material or energy which is left over or wasted in industrial processes and other human activities. Examples include waste heat and gaseous pollutants from electricity generation, slag from metal-ore refining, and garbage.
What is residual waste?
Residual waste is nonhazardous industrial waste. It includes waste material (solid, liquid or gas) produced by industrial, mining and agricultural operations. It excludes certain coal mining wastes and wastes from normal farming activities.
What is reduce tillage?
Reduced tillage practices minimize soil disturbance with targeted and appropriate soil disturbance based on farm goals. Reduced tillage means a decreased reliance on inversion tillage. It means less intensity, shallower depth, and less area disturbed, either in the bed, field or across the farm.
Is paper a biodegradable?
Paper is biodegradable because is made from plant materials and most plant materials are biodegradable. Paper is easily recycled and can be recycled up 6 or 7 times before the paper fibres become too short to be used for paper production. … Biodegradable plastics are designed to degrade in landfill.
How do you calculate crop residue?
Percent crop residue cover is measured by counting the number of marks that lie directly over a piece of residue, and multiplying by four. To avoid estimation errors, the observer must look straight down at each mark, take measurements on the same side of the stick, and count only undecomposed crop residue.
Is paper a residual waste?
What is residual waste? Residual waste is the waste that is left once the recyclable waste has been separated (waste paper, plastic packaging, metal packaging, drinks packaging, biodegradable waste, glass and textiles).
How is conservation tillage done?
“[Conservation tillage is] any tillage and planting system that covers 30 percent or more of the soil surface with crop residue, after planting, to reduce soil erosion by water. … Within these strips, soil below the surface is disturbed or loosened using deep-tillage implements.
What is moldboard plow?
Moldboard Plow. The term ‘moldboard plow’ describes an implement that cuts soil, lifts it, and turns it at least partly upside down by means of a curved plate, or moldboard (Figure 1).
Is crop residue a waste?
Crop residues left in the field after grain harvest have a large potential as a bioenergy feedstock. As a byproduct of grain production these residues have been called waste, yet research has shown their nutrient, erosion, and soil carbon characteristics have value that must not be overlooked.
What is crop waste called?
Crop Residues: Issues Relating to Collection, Transportation and Storage. … First, crop residues are, as the name suggests, waste that is left over after harvesting the primary crop. This waste can be significant.
What is terrace farming?
terrace cultivation, method of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope. Though labour-intensive, the method has been employed effectively to maximize arable land area in variable terrains and to reduce soil erosion and water loss.
Why do farmers rotate their crops?
A crop rotation can help to manage your soil and fertility, reduce erosion, improve your soil’s health, and increase nutrients available for crops.
What is stubble mulch tillage?
Stubble-mulching refers to leaving the stubble or crop residue essentially in place on the land as a surface cover during a fallow period. Stubble-mulching can prevent soil erosion from wind or water and conserve soil moisture.
What will happen as the plant residues breakdown?
The release of nutrients that occurs as plant residues degrade has several effects on soil. The enhanced microbial activity causes an increase in soil structure, which affects most of the physical properties of soil, such as aeration and infiltration.
How do you use crop residues for home gardening?
Leaving the residues in place over the winter, instead of pulling them up or tilling them into the soil surface, provides numerous benefits for the soil and your garden. Plant residues reduce erosion and the loss of valuable topsoil. Having plant residues on the soil surface prevents something called soil crusting.
What are some negative effects of using crop residues for energy production?
Removal of more than 50% of crop residue can have negative consequences for soil structure, reduce soil organic carbon sequestration, increase water erosion, and reduce nutrient cycling and crop production, particularly in erodible and sloping soils.