How do you calculate equivalent land ratios?
The LER is calculated using the formula LER= ∑ (Ypi/Ymi), where Yp is the yield of each crop or variety in the intercrop or polyculture, and Ym is the yield of each crop or variety in the sole crop or monoculture.
How do you calculate crop equivalent yield?
CII indicates the number of times a field is grown with crops in a year. It is calculated by dividing gross cropped area with net area available in the farm, region or country multiplied by 100.
What is crop performance ratio?
The productivity of each intercrop and sole crop componentwas determined in terms of a Crop Performance Ratio (CPR) defined as the productivity of an intercrop per unit area of ground com- pared with that expected from sole crops sown in the same proportion.
What are the cropping patterns?
Cropping pattern refers to the proportion of land under cultivation of different crops at different points of time. This indicates the time and arrangement of crops in a particular land area. … change in the proportion of land under different crops. change in space sequence and time of crops.
What is Relay cropping?
Relay cropping is a method of multiple cropping where one crop is seeded into standing second crop well before harvesting of second crop. Relay cropping may solve a number of conflicts such as inefficient use of available resources, controversies in sowing time, fertilizer application, and soil degradation.
What is the difference between bond equivalent yield and yield to maturity?
Yield to maturity is considered a long-term bond yield but is expressed as an annual rate. YTM is usually quoted as a bond equivalent yield (BEY), which makes bonds with coupon payment periods less than a year easy to compare.
How do you evaluate cropping?
It follows a three-step approach: (i) generate rotations, (ii) evaluate crop production activities using environmental, economic and phytosanitary indicators, and (iii) design cropping systems and assess their impacts.
Is bond yield the same as interest rate?
Yield is the annual net profit that an investor earns on an investment. The interest rate is the percentage charged by a lender for a loan. The yield on new investments in debt of any kind reflects interest rates at the time they are issued.
What is bond equivalent basis?
The bond equivalent basis is the non-annual bond rate in annual terms. It can be implicitly calculated through the difference in bond prices. The bond equivalent basis yield then helps investors to adequately compare two different rates. … Instead, they can use a simple calculation to convert the yield rate.
How do you calculate bond equivalent yield?
The bond equivalent yield formula is calculated by dividing the difference between the face value of the bond and the purchase price of the bond, by the price of the bond. That answer is then multiplied by 365 divided by “d,” which represents the number of days left until the bond’s maturity.
How can farmers grow more from the same land?
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. All farmers in Palampur grow atleast two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.
How can we grow more than one crop on the same piece of land?
One can grow more on a piece of land by the method of multipple cropping.In this method the farmers should grow more than one crop on a piece of land.By using H.Y. V’s,chemical fertilizers,pesticides and modern irrigation facilities the production on a given piece of land can be increased.
What does the number 1 2 means in intercropping?
The ratio 1:2 is called the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) in intercropping. It is the ratio of area which is under sole cropping to the ratio of area under intercropping which requires to give same amounts of yield in same conditions.
When more than one crop is grown on the same piece of land in a year is called?
In agriculture, multiple cropping or multicropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during one growing season instead of just one crop. When multiple crops are grown simultaneously, this is also known as intercropping.
How can we grow more crops in a single piece of land?
Multiple cropping is a mode of farming in which farmers grow more than one crop on the same piece of land in a year. It is the most common way of increasing production and income. This can be done by following ways: By using modern irrigation system like electric tube wells.
How do you interpret land equivalent ratios?
LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO (LER): the ratio of the area under sole cropping to the area under intercropping needed to give equal amounts of yield at the same management level. It is the sum of the fractions of the intercropped yields divided by the sole-crop yields.
What are the advantages of intercropping?
Intercropping is the growth of two or more crops, simultaneously (Vandermeer, 1989). The major benefits of intercropping are (1) increasing the rate of crop production, with the advantage of simultaneously decreasing the risk of total crop reduction, and (2) controlling weeds (Liebman and Dyck, 1993).
What are the advantages of integrated farming?
- Productivity: IFS provides an opportunity to increase economic yield per unit area per unit time by virtue of intensification of crop and allied enterprises.
- Profitability: Use waste material of one component at the least cost.
What are agricultural tree rows?
Definition. Alley cropping is defined as the planting of rows of trees and/or shrubs to create. alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced.
What does harvest index indicate?
Harvest index (HI) is the ratio of grain to total shoot dry matter and is as a measure of reproductive efficiency. … All these factors can increase biomass accumulation, grain number and thus grain yield potential.
What do crops grow between trees queue called?
Alley cropping is the cultivation of food, forage or specialty crops between rows of trees.
What is income equivalent ratio?
Income equivalency ratio (IER)— IER is similar in concept to LER, except that yield is measured in terms of net income, rather than plant product productivity.
What is intercropping give example?
The intercropping system employs growing several species in-between each other during the same season, alternatively to monoculture farming. … An example of a perennial-annual intercropping match is garlic and tomatoes. In tropical regions, coffee and banana make a popular perennial combination.
What is terrace farming?
terrace cultivation, method of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope. Though labour-intensive, the method has been employed effectively to maximize arable land area in variable terrains and to reduce soil erosion and water loss.
What is sole cropping?
Sole cropping is the growing of a particular type of crop on a piece of land. … Growing crops in a mixture is a farming practice that is common among farmers of the tropics (Anon, 1996).
What is the disadvantage of alley cropping?
DISADVANTAGES OF ALLEY CROPPING SYSTEM OF FARMING
(i) The plants used can easily smother the growing food crops, if they are not pruned in time. (ii) Nitrogen supply may be in short fall to the crops, if non-nitrogen fixing plants are used. (iii) The system may be difficult to practice on a large scale.
What is Specialised farming?
Specialized Farming- The farm from which 50% or more income is derived from a single enterprise viz. crops, livestock, dairy, poultry, etc., such farm is called specialized farm, and farming is called specialized farming. Special market outlets, fairly economic conditions are necessary for this farming.
What are the four types of intercropping?
- -Row Intercropping.
- -Strip Intercropping.
- -Mixed Intercropping.
- -Relay Intercropping.
- #1- Greater Income, Greater Yield.
- #2- Insurance against Crop Damage.
- #3- Optimum Use of Soil.
- #4- Good for Primary Crops.
What is relative yield?
Relative yield is the ratio of the actual volume of concrete obtained to the volume as designed for the batch. It is understood as a 1:1 ratio. If the relative yield calculates out to 1.00 or greater, then the yards delivered is equal to or greater than what was ordered.
What is the difference between interplanting and intercropping?
Interplanting is the practice of planting a fast-growing crop between a slower-growing one to make the most of your garden space. … Intercropping enables you to boost the health of all plants because it can enhance soil fertility and cooperation among different plants.
What is Area time equivalent ratio?
Area time equivalent ratio provides more realistic comparison of the yield of intercropping over monocropping in terms of time taken by component crops in the intercrop according to Hiebsch (1978) and Hiebsch and McCollum (1987 a &b) .
What is ler in agriculture?
The FAO defines land equivalent ratio (LER) as: the ratio of the area under sole cropping to the area under intercropping needed to give equal amounts of yield at the same management level. It is the sum of the fractions of the intercropped yields divided by the sole-crop yields.
What can be intercropped with tomatoes?
Good Tomato Companion Plants
Plants recommended for companion planting with tomatoes include amaranth, asparagus, basil, beans, borage, calendula (pot marigold), carrots, celery, chive, cleome, cosmos, cucumber, garlic, lemon balm, lettuce, marigold, mint, nasturtium, onion, parsley, sage, and squash.
What is intercrop vegetable farming?
vegetable farming
The system of intercropping, or companion cropping, involves the growing of two or more kinds of vegetables on the same land in the same growing season. One of the vegetables must be a small-growing and quick-maturing crop; the other must be larger and late maturing.
What is Relay planting?
Relay cropping is essentially a special version of double cropping, where the second crop is planted into the first crop before harvest, rather than waiting until after harvest as in true double-cropping. … Wheat is harvested with little disturbance to the growing soybean crop.
What is alley cropping in agriculture?
Alley cropping is a specific practice in which trees or shrubs and agricultural crops are grown in alternate rows (Figure 11.31). The trees are commonly pruned to limit the shading of the agricultural crop. Alley cropping can also contribute to nutrient cycling and erosion control.
What is soil yield?
Soil productivity is defined as the capacity of a soil to produce a certain yield of agricultural crops or other plants using a defined set of management practices.
When ler indicates yield What is the advantage?
When LER > 1. a larger area of land is needed to produce the same yield of each species with monocultures at recommended density than with mixture. For, example, when LER=1.2, 20°/o more land is required to produce the intercrop yield of each species with monocrops.
What is multistoried cropping?
Growing plants of different height in the same field at the same time is termed as multi storied cropping. … It is the practice of different crops of varying heights, rooting pattern and duration to cultivate together. The objective of this system of cropping is to utilize the vertical space more effectively.
How do you calculate rice equivalent?
Rice equivalent yield (REY) was calculated to compare system performance by converting the yield of non-rice crops into equivalent rice yield on a price basis, using the formula: REY = Yx(Px/Pr), where Yx is the yield of non-rice crops (kg ha–1), Px is the price of non-rice crops (Rs.